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protective laws
Protective laws were enacted to protect women from certain hazards or difficulties of paid work. These laws had the effect of reducing the employment available to women, saving it for men. These were enacted in many U.S. jurisdictions and some were in effect until the mid or late 20th century. The landmark case ''Muller v. Oregon'' set a precedent to use sex differences as a basis for separate legislation.〔
The name is not a formal one, but is a widely used colloquial term, as was the term ''protective legislation''.〔Stansell, Christine, ''The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present'' (N.Y.; Modern Library, 1st ed. 2010 (ISBN 978-0-679-64314-2)), p. 197 (''protective legislation'' as term).〕
== Range of laws ==
Over a thousand laws affected work hours, wages, occupational choice, mandatory seating, homework, and rights to do business and make contracts.〔Grant, Jane, ''Confession of a Feminist'', in ''The American Mercury'', vol. LVII, no. 240, December , 1943, pp. 684–691, esp. pp. 688–690.〕 Specifically, various laws required a minimum wage for women and children〔Folbre, Nancy, ''Greed, Lust and Gender: A History of Economic Ideas'' (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009 (ISBN 978-0-19-923842-2)), p. 276 & n. 37 (author prof. economics, Univ. of Mass. Amherst).〕 (criticized because women allegedly did not need the money, the minimum wage was opposed for men and ruled unlawful in 1923)〔 and forbade or regulated lifting heavy loads, working at night or for long hours, or tending bar〔Stansell, Christine, ''The Feminist Promise'', ''op. cit.'', p. 197.〕 and required some safety and breaks from work for rest, lunch, and bathroom use.〔Stansell, Christine, ''The Feminist Promise'', ''op. cit.'', p. 197 & n. 51, citing Cobble, Dorothy Sue, ''The Other Women's Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in Modern America'' (Princeton, N.J., 2004), p. 184.〕 The ban on long hours often denied the possibility of earning overtime pay.〔 Some of the laws were irrelevant to work but were intended to protect women's ability to become mothers and not be subject to sexual issues often categorized as moral issues.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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